Association of Obesity, Diabtetes, Hyperetension with Endometrial Cancer

Abstract

Background: Endometrial cancer is a common type of gynecologic cancer in women, especially those after menopause. Important risk factors have been reported to be several metabolic conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. These disorders can affect the risk of endometrial cancer by hormone-related mechanisms, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and disrupted metabolism.

Objective: To determine the association of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with endometrial cancer among women presenting at Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad.

Methods: This descriptive cross sectional analytical study was done at Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad between the period of January 2025 to June 2025. A total of 75 women, who had histopathologically confirmed endometrial cancer, were included. The following clinical data were obtained that included age, menopausal status, parity, presenting symptoms, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.Age, menopausal status, parity, presenting symptoms, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were obtained. Body mass index was used to determine obesity, and medical history, previous diagnosis and hospital records were used to determine diabetes and hypertension. The SPSS version 26 software was used for data analysis. The categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages, and the quantitative variables were presented as means and standard deviations. Test chi-square and logistic regression analysis were used when appropriate. P value < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 54.8 ± 9.6 years. Most patients were postmenopausal 54 (72.0%), and postmenopausal bleeding was the most common presenting complaint 43 (57.3%). Obesity was present in 46 (61.3%) patients, diabetes mellitus in 39 (52.0%), and hypertension in 42 (56.0%). All three metabolic risk factors were present together in 24 (32.0%) patients. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension showed significant association with high-grade endometrial cancer, with p-values of 0.031, 0.018, and 0.026, respectively. The combined presence of all three risk factors showed the strongest association with high-grade disease (p=0.011).

Conclusion: Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were frequently observed among women with endometrial cancer. These metabolic conditions were significantly associated with high-grade tumors, especially when present together. Early identification and control of metabolic risk factors may help in risk reduction, timely diagnosis, and improved clinical outcomes in women at risk of endometrial cancer.