Immunohistochemical and Digital Pathology Assessment of Malignant  Transformation Risk in Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Oral Lichen Planus, and  Leukoplakia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Muhammad Noman Baig, Absar Akram, Samara Rais, Areeba Khan, Saleha Saeed, Mian Bilal Ahmad

Immunohistochemical and Digital Pathology Assessment of Malignant Transformation Risk in Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Oral Lichen Planus, and Leukoplakia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Authors

Muhammad Noman Baig, Absar Akram, Samara Rais, Areeba Khan, Saleha Saeed, Mian Bilal Ahmad

Keywords:

Oral potentially malignant disorders; Oral Submucous Fibrosis; Oral Lichen Planus; Leukoplakia; Digital pathology; Immunohistochemistry; p53; Ki 67; Malignant transformation.

Abstract

Background:Oral potentially malignant disorders(OPMDs)—specifically Oral SubmucousFibrosis (OSF), Oral Lichen Planus (OLP),
and Oral Leukoplakia (OLK)—carrysignificant but variable risks of progression to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC).Conventional subjective dysplasia grading

References

1. Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209–249. ,https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.216602

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Published

2026-10-24

How to Cite

Muhammad Noman Baig, Absar Akram, Samara Rais, Areeba Khan, Saleha Saeed, Mian Bilal Ahmad. (2026). Immunohistochemical and Digital Pathology Assessment of Malignant Transformation Risk in Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Oral Lichen Planus, and Leukoplakia: A Cross-Sectional Study . International Journal of Pharmacy Research & Technology (IJPRT), 16(2), 7022–7036. Retrieved from https://www.ijprt.org/index.php/pub/article/view/3438