Perception and Practice of Self-Medication and Over the Counter (OTC) Drugs among Nursing students, Paramedical Staff and patients in Government Teaching General Hospital

Abstract

Background: Self-medication is a significant global public health concern, particularly in India, where it contributes to antimicrobial resistance and potential economic loss due to delayed professional diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the perceptions and practices regarding self-medication and over the counter (OTC) drugs among nursing students, paramedical staff, and patients at a Government Teaching General Hospital.

Methods: An analytical cross-sectional observational study was conducted over six months in Eluru district. A total of 399 participants (170 nursing students, 29 paramedical staff, and 200 patients) were selected via convenient sampling. Data were collected through interviews using a pre-validated questionnaire covering socio-demographic details and Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) regarding OTC use.

Results: High self-medication prevalence was observed, with 87.7% of participants reporting the practice. While 77.2% knew the definition of responsible self-medication, significant gaps existed regarding storage (24.3% correct) and the necessity of completing a drug regimen (33.8% correct). OTC drugs were most frequently used for fever (76.7%), pain (72.1%), and the common cold (71.7%). Notably, 43.6% reported using expired drugs, and only 20.3% of those experiencing adverse reactions reported them to a pharmacist.

Conclusions: OTC drugs play a significant role in self-care and can reduce the burden on healthcare systems when used appropriately, the findings suggest gaps in rational use, awareness of risks, and adherence to safe practices. There is a clear need for structured educational interventions, stricter regulatory policies, and improved access to healthcare services to promote responsible self-medication.