Knowledge and Awareness of Anemia and its Health Consequences among Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study with Preliminary Pathological Correlation

Abstract

Background: Anemia remains a significant global public health concern, with substantial implications for morbidity, quality of life, and economic productivity. Despite its high prevalence, community awareness and understanding of its causes, symptoms, and long-term consequences are often inadequate.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of anemia among adults and to correlate this with basic pathological understanding and selected hematological parameters.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 adults aged 18-65 years, selected via convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge regarding definition, causes, symptoms, consequences, and prevention of anemia. Additionally, a basic pathology profile (Complete Blood Count with emphasis on hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and serum ferritin for a subset) was obtained.

Results: The mean age of participants was 36.4 ± 10.7 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 35:45. Overall, 52.5% (n=42) had "poor" knowledge (score <50%), 35% (n=28) had "average" knowledge (50-75%), and only 12.5% (n=10) had "good" knowledge (>75%). Awareness of non-nutritional causes (e.g., chronic diseases, hemoglobinopathies) was particularly low (17.5%). Fatigue was the most recognized symptom (88.8%), but serious health consequences like cognitive impairment (30%), cardiovascular strain (22.5%), and poor pregnancy outcomes (41.3% of females) were poorly recognized. Pathology profiles revealed 21 participants (26.25%) were anemic (WHO criteria). Of these, 71.4% (n=15) had microcytic hypochromic anemia suggestive of iron deficiency, aligning with the most commonly identified cause (dietary iron deficiency: 68.8%). However, only 33.3% of anemic individuals were self-aware of their condition.

Conclusion: There is a significant gap in comprehensive knowledge about anemia, especially regarding its diverse etiology and serious health sequelae, among adults. Poor awareness coexists with a measurable prevalence of the condition, indicating a need for targeted public health education that integrates basic pathological concepts to improve early detection, prevention, and management.