Association of Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Smoking, and Dyslipidemia with Severity of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Emergency Department Patients

Abstract

Objective: To determine the association between severity of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among patients who presented to the emergency department (ED).

Study Design: Analytical cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Cardiology and Emergency Department, Suleman Roshan Medical College and Hospital, TandoAdam from January 2025 to June 2025.

Methodology: This analytical cross-sectional study included 288 patients diagnosed with ACS, using the WHO formula. Patients were enrolled after meeting inclusion criteria; demographic data, clinical history and modifiable risk factors were obtained. Risk factors evaluated were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and dyslipidaemia. The severity of ACS was judged on conventional clinical criteria on presentation. The associations of these risk factors with disease severity were analysed statistically.

Results: This was done and the results showed that ACS patients were more likely to suffer from hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and dyslipidaemia. Those who had multiple risk factors were more likely to have severe ACS. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking were significantly associated with increased disease severity, and dyslipidaemia was associated with poor clinical presentation.

Conclusion: Modifiable risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and dyslipidaemia) are highly correlated with the severity of ACS. Identifying and managing these factors early can minimize complications, enhance patient outcomes and facilitate effective emergency care.